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The English Street Artist Banksy - 979 Words

The English street artist Banksy has produced various works of art, in a revolutionary style. Street art is visual and it is produced in public areas on buildings, bridges , concrete , and many other places. This form of art is usually done illegally, which adds to the immense controversy it already possesses, due to its subject matter. With that being said, it speaks volumes about artists such as Banksy, who risk criminal charges of vandalism, in order to empower others through his art. One of his popular pieces, â€Å"Looters†, historically commemorated the third anniversary of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans, boldly criticizing government, media, racism and other significant issues. In 2005, the city became a war zone and many were left with questions; the image poetically raised awareness to aspects of post-Katrina recovery that are still being discussed till this day. For the short time it existed as an untampered image on Elysian Fields Avenue, it managed to create a la sting impression that will exist decades after its removal. Due to Banksy s pictorial and satirical messages which blend themes of Capitalism, politics, greed, and hypocrisy, an unknown identity is a great thing to have. In the early 1990s, Banksy began his distinguished career; the fact that his identity has been successfully hidden for two decades incorporates mystery into the art. He is undoubtedly the most controversial street artist to emerge on the global stage, Banksy s work has been rumored toShow MoreRelatedThe English Street Artist Banksy1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe English street artist Banksy has produced various works of art in a revolutionary style. Street art is a very unique form of art that is produced in public areas on buildings, bridges, concrete, poles, and many other locations. This form of art is usually done illegally, which adds to the immense controversy that already surrounds it. With that being said, it speaks volumes about artists such as Banksy, who risk criminal charges of vandalism in order to empower others through his art. One ofRead MoreThe English Street Artist Banksy1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe English street artist Banksy, has produced various works of art in a revolutionary style. Street art is a very unique form of art that is produced in public areas on buildings, bridges, concrete, poles, and many other places. This form of art is usually done illegally, which adds to the immense controversy that already surrounds it. With that being said, it speaks volumes about artists such as Banksy, who risk criminal charges of vandalism in order to empower others through his art. One ofRead MoreExit Through The Gift Shop Analysis1722 Words   |  7 Pagesconsidered an example of a successful documentary on street art due to its interview-based style and celebrity street-artist director. However, Banksy’s Exit Through the Gift Shop fails as a documentary because of the film’s biases and inconsistencies; because these flaws are obvious to the audience, Banksy, through Exi t Through the Gift Shop, ultimately satirizes the documentary genre and street art movement. In Exit Through the Gift Shop, Banksy depicts himself as superior to Thierry by portrayingRead MoreGraffiti : A New Type Of Painting And Writing1241 Words   |  5 Pageseffect on the appearance of a city. There are two debates of graffiti----street art and vandalism, which means it should be distinguished between two forms of graffiti. For example, it should not be connected between the graffiti of Banksy, who is an English-based graffiti artist and the people who draw some indelicate words or painting on the public place(Figure 1 and figure 2). Everyone can judge these two which is street art because the intentions are different. The latter is just draw some offensiveRead MoreAnalysis Of The Painting Two Women Of The Woods By Vincent Van Gogh1505 Words   |  7 PagesYork City, the painting â€Å"Two women in the woods† by Vincent Van Gogh, a famous Dutch artist in expressionism and impressionism, was sold at the price of $689,000 (Lot: 17 VINCENT VAN GOGH, 2013; Van Gogh , 2008). Besides, â€Å"Silent Majority†, a painting by Banksy, an English graffiti artist, was brought to the auction in Paris and its recent price has reached  £445,792, which is roughly at $676,000 (Banksy, 2014; Banksy s Silent Majority fetches more than  £445k in Paris, 2015). As they are clearly seenRead MoreStreet Artist Banksy And Southern Illinois University2372 Words   |  10 Pages STREET ARTIST BANKSY AND Northeastern Illinois University Mustafa Khan Moritz S Kellerman Art 101 – L18 June 18th 2015 Banksy is one of the famous English graffiti artist, film director, painter and political activist through the use of painting. He has produced different satirical street art combined with subversive epigrams and dark humor of graffiti. These have been executed in the distinctive stenciling method. Therefore, the paper analyzes how Banksy has changed the people’s viewRead MoreThe Works Of Banksy By Henry David Thoreau2303 Words   |  10 Pageswalls, streets, and bridges become the norm. A rugged description, yet so valid in this case. This principle is exemplified in the works of Banksy. Banksy is my chosen artist. His works are authentic, yet aesthetically defined in the most unusual places. His method of art is likewise fascinating – for he uses bold sardonic street art and dissident witticisms combined with graffiti performed in idiosyncratic stenciling techniques to portray various messages. As findthemag.com states, Banksy uses â€Å"broadRead MoreToronto Climat e Diagram Essay1605 Words   |  7 Pagesinches of rainfall per year so there is enough rain to support the growth of trees. I would say Toronto is located in a temperate deciduous forest. What Language is Spoken In Toronto? Toronto is located in Canada where the main language spoken is English but some people also speak french What type of music is popular in Toronto? The people of Toronto listen to many different types of music but the most popular in Canada are blues, classical, country and hip-hop. How does Toronto’s Culture InfluenceRead MoreGraffiti As A Form Of Art Essay1829 Words   |  8 Pagespolitical protest or social statement† (20). This graffiti tries to better its community and serves as the authentic form for graffiti artists and writers because of the detailed design and effort put into it, as well as the message it expresses to the public. Authentic graffiti is created without permission and for everyone to see freely. It cannot be removed from the streets and placed into museums or art gallery. If it is, then the art loses its meaning. Also, its illegality is one of the most importantRead MorePrimary Research. Despite My Research Strongly Suggesting1774 Words   |  8 Pagessuggesting that street art frequently has socio-political underlying messages and it is extremely accessible to the youth, I was unable to find definitive evidence concerning if street art is effective in portraying socio-political messages to the young. Therefore, I conducted an investigation to act as primary research and hopefully give results that could answer the question. I aimed to discover the opinion of a small group of London young adults; whether they thought that street art had an ability

Dolphins Essay Research Paper Bottlenose dolphins are free essay sample

Dolphinfishs Essay, Research Paper Bottlenose mahimahis are among the most vocal of the nonhuman animate beings and exhibit singular development of the sound production and auditory mechanisms. This can be seen in hearing, which is shown in the animate being? s extremely refined echo sounding ability, and in tightly organized schools in which they live that are made up by sound communicating. In proving the communicating accomplishments of mahimahis, extended surveies have been done on vocal apery, in which the animate being imitates computer-generated sounds in order to trial motor control in footings of cognitive ability. Language comprehension on the other manus has been tested through labeling of objects, which has proven to be successful sing the association of sound and object stimulation. The biggest inquiry in dolphin communicating, is whether or non the species is capable of knowing communicative Acts of the Apostless. Though consequences from surveies have been problematic, the key to understanding the extent to this? linguistic communication? is to determine whether they have a repertory of grammatical regulations that generate organized sequences. In finding this, the greatest achievement for both the scientist and all of humanity, would be to carry through interspecies communicating, making a span between worlds and animate beings which could open up a new apprehension of the unknown universe of wildlife. Most significantly, it is necessary to understand the unbelievable aptitude of mahimahi communicative accomplishments, and the impressive intelligence the animate being possesses which allows for a great trade of intraspecies and interspecies communicating ( Schusterman, Thomas, A ; Wood, 1986 ) . The acoustical response and treating abilities of the bottlenosed mahimahis have by and large been shown to be among the most sophisticated of any animate being so far examined ( Popper, 1980 as cited by Schusterman et Al. 1986 ) . In order to understand the complexness of these extremely mechanised acoustic systems, it is necessary to larn the procedure for which the mahimahi hears. In most water-adapted blowers, tissue conductivity is the primary path of sound conductivity to the in-between ear. The isolation of the blister shows an version for tissue conducted sound. The lower jaw contains fat that is closely associated with the electric resistance of saltwater. The lower lower jaw of most odontocetes becomes broadened and rather thin posteriorly, and the fat forms an ellipse form that closely corresponds to the country of minimal thickness of the jaw. This fat organic structure leads straight to the blister, bring forthing a sound way to the ear constructions located deep within the caput. Paired and individual air pouchs are scattered throughout the skull, which serve to impart these tissue-conducted sounds ( Popov A ; Supin, 1991 ) . Other than this description, there are still more surveies needed to find the map of the in-between ear and the type of bone conductivity that occurs within the blister. Due to detailed audiograms, mahimahis have been shown to hold the ability to observe high-frequency sounds. In an experiment by Johnson ( 1966 ) as cited in Schusterman et Al. ( 1986 ) , sine-wave sounds runing in frequence from 75 Hz to 150 Hz were presented to a bottle-nosed mahimahi. The animate being was trained to swim in a stationary country within a stall and to watch for a visible radiation to come on. Following the light presentation a sound was sometimes presented. If the mahimahi heard the sound, its undertaking was to go forth the country and force a lever. Sound strength degrees were varied by a stairway method of 1, 2, or 3 dB stairss. The ensuing audiogram, compared to the human aerial audiogram, showed that at parts of best sensitiveness for each, thresholds for human and mahimahi are rather similar, but separated by about 50 kilohertzs in frequence, demoing that the animate being? s inner ear map is really similar to a human. The experiments done on mahimahi audile maps have by and large shown a finely adapted sound response system. This would be expected due to the extremely adapted echo sounding ability of the bottlenosed mahimahi and other blowers. Consequences of work on absolute thresholds, critical bandwidths, frequence favoritism, and sound localisation all indicate that the dolphin auditory system is at least every bit good or better than the human system. This is in malice of the fact that sound travels five times as fast under H2O as it does in air ( Popov et al. 1991 ) . The bottlenosed mahimahi in imprisonment produces two classs of voices: ( a ) narrow-band, frequency-varying, uninterrupted tonic sounds referred to as ? whistlings? and ( B ) broad-band pulsed sounds expressed as trains of really short continuance chinks of changing rates ( Evans, 1967, as cited in Schusterman et Al. 1986 ) . The pulsed sounds are used for both communicating and echo sounding, and the whistlings are found to be used chiefly for communicating ( Herman A ; Tavolga, 1980, as cited in Schusterman et Al. 1986 ) . Descriptions in literature stressing either the whistlings or the pulsed sounds have led to contradictory hypotheses refering the communicating system of the mahimahi. It has been reported that separately specific whistlings frequently make up over 90 % of the whistle repertory of prisoner bottlenosed mahimahis ( Popov et al. 1991 ) . A figure of observations of evident vocal apery have been made, though with no systematic probe of the grade of vocal flexibleness. The ascertained variableness in the whistlings, combined with the trouble of placing single singing mahimahis in a group, has led to guess that the whistlings might be a complex, shared system, in which specific significances could be assigned to specific whistlings. Consideration of vocal apery has been taken to understand its relation to cognitive complexness, and to the possible usage of vocal response for communicating in an unreal linguistic communication. In one survey done by McCowan, Hanser, A ; Doyle, ( 1999 ) , the mahimahi was able to larn to mime a figure of computer-generated theoretical account sounds with high fidelity and dependability. The mahimahi utilizing its whistle manner of voice imitated all of the sounds, and all were distinct from the unreinforced whistlings produced prior to preparation. The big bulk of each mahimahi? s whistle voices were separately specific acoustic forms, described as a? signature whistling? ; the remainder of the whistlings were short chirps. The consequences of the apery preparation have shown that mahimahis can mime tonic sounds with frequences between 4 and 20 Hz. Due to this research, scientists can now larn from these apery skills how to understand and develop natural communicating based on a stronger accent on the animate being? s cognitive abilities ( Brecht, 1993 ) . In object labeling, the mahimahis seemed to understand the undertaking of tie ining theoretical account sounds with displayed objects. Progress was most rapid when the theoretical account sound was ever presented at full strength, but the chance of its being presented on any given test was consistently decreased over consecutive tests. There wasn? t any confusion of the objects themselves, but merely a inclination to float in the quality of the rendering of the labels. This presentation of symbolic usage of voices could take to the probe of the potency of animate beings to signifier referential constructs, therefore making a new apprehension of mahimahi communicating and its utilizations in the natural state. The chief intent of survey in mahimahi linguistic communication, is the involvement in whether the animate being? s address is knowing communicating like our ain human address. The fact that consciousness as applied to the phenomena of human communicating besides implies something we would non impute to animals-and this is the consciousness that communicative Acts of the Apostless are behaviours about behaviours ( Crook, 1983, as cited in Schusterman et Al. 1986 ) . Language, as we know it, could non be without the capacity for knowing communic ation, as all lingual communications are, by definition, knowing. Dolphinfishs have been observed to hold some of these knowing communicating features, as their behaviours have shown in imprisonment. For illustration, mahimahis have been observed to force out or splash H2O at aliens who come near their armored combat vehicle. After force outing the H2O the mahimahi will raise itself out of the H2O to oddly detect what consequence their behaviour had on the alien. Although this behaviour is non communitive, however, it seems to propose that the mahimahi is cognizant of the consequence of its behaviour on others, demoing that it has the cognitive ability for knowing communicating ( Erickson, 1993 ) . Communication between worlds and mahimahis occurs largely through a sign linguistic communication that borrows some words from American Sign Language. The trainers make the gestures with large arm motions, inquiring the animate being to follow bids such as? individual left Frisbee fetch, ? which means? conveying the Frisbee on the left to the individual in the pool? . In one survey, two bottlenosed mahimahis were tested in proficiency in construing sign linguistic communication marks and compared against worlds who viewed the same picture of real and debauched gestures. The mahimahis were found to acknowledge gestures every bit accurately as fluid worlds, and the consequences suggested that the mahimahis had constructed an interrelated web of semantic and sign representations in their memory ( Herman, Morrel-Samuels, A ; Pack, 1990 ) . Such petitions probe the mahimahis apprehension of word order and prove the animate being? s grammatical competency. It has besides been determined that mahimahis can organize a generalised construct about an object: they respond right to bids affecting a hoop, no affair whether the hoop is round, octangular, or square. The animate beings seem to hold a conceptual appreciation of the words they learn, demoing an apprehension of the nucleus properties of human linguistic communication, those being semantics and sentence structure ( Erickson, 1993 ) . Though this information seems obliging for mahimahi linguistic communication abilities, to find whether or non they are capable of complex knowing communications, research workers must go on to look into their receptive capacities, and to try to supply them with a communicating system that would tap their productive capacities. Is interspecies communicating possible? Could we someday be holding philosophical treatments with a bottlenosed mahimahi? Though these inquiries seem pathetic, there was much argument over these inquiries when a medical physician named John Lilly came out with hopeful findings of dolphin intelligence in the sixtiess ( Shane, 1991 ) . In the first true research of mahimahi communicating and intelligence, Lilly set out to demo that through the correlativity of encephalon size and IQ, the bottle-nosed dolphin mahimahi was possibly smarter than worlds and began a turning involvement in mahimahis and their linguistic communication through whistlings. Though mahimahis are extremely intelligent animals, no existent scientific grounds has yet been found to wholly back up the many constructs about the animate being? s intelligence. Lilly ( 1966 ) provinces, ? A mahimahi. . . of course uses other sounds to convey and have? intending? : creaking for night-time and murky-water determination and acknowledgment, putt-putting and whistlings for exchanges with other mahimahis, and even air howling to excite human responses in the manner of fish or hand clapping. If a mahimahi is copying our address, he? ll transcript that portion of what he hears which in his? linguistic communication? conveys meanings. ? Although this extract shows an unbelievable capableness for mahimahis to bring forth intelligent communicating, it is findings such as these, which lack scientific support and have lost credibleness among other dolphin research workers in the past few decennaries. Though his findings lack support, Lilly was of import in conveying forth involvement among people and therefore financess towards more scientifically based research and experiments that have helped us larn more about communicating accomplishments and intelligence of mahimahis ( Tyack et al. 1989 ) . In order to clearly understand if mahimahis are making knowing, intelligent communicative sounds and significances, it is necessary to interrupt down the vocal signals into repertories and analyze those separately. The interrupting down of dolphin signaling into component units has merely now begun and the undertaking will be to detect if, when, and to what extent they construction formalized sequences of signal units. To find whether they have a repertory of grammatical regulations that generates organized sequences will be hard, and it will be necessary to obtain drawn-out and uninterrupted recordings. Forms must be found and compared to other dolphin recordings in order to obtain the most accurate and cosmopolitan findings for linguistic communication among bottlenose mahimahis ( Herman, Kuczjac II, A ; Holder, 1993 ) . Through many more old ages of careful survey of these sounds, it is hopeful that our scientists can find capacities and significances behind dolphin linguistic communication. Though interspecies communicating seems improbable at this point in clip, through new surveies being conducted our construct of mahimahis as communicative animate beings seems more possible. Intentional communicating through sign apprehension is the best determination so far in the survey of these intelligent animate beings, and leads many to believe there is a batch more to dolphin? s communicating accomplishments than has yet been uncovered. In trials done in apery and labeling of objects, it seems that the capacity the bottle-nosed dolphin mahimahi has for larning and apprehension is big plenty to do taught communicating a realistic end in the hereafter of dolphin preparation. The extremely specialised auditory and vocal mechanisms of the animate being have helped take the manner to a better apprehension of cetaceous ear anatomy and sound production mechanisms, and these maps can now be seen as complex constructions unlike any found above H2O. Though more research needs to be done before any true decisions can be made about dolphin linguistic communication, from what we do cognize the bottle-nosed dolphin mahimahi is among the most vocal of nonhuman animate beings and exhibits singular development of sound production and audile mechanisms ( Schusterman et al. 1986 ) . Brecht, M. ( 1993 ) . Communications: A Predictive Theory of Dolphin Communication. Kybernetes, 22, 39-53. Erickson, D. ( 1993, March ) . Can Animals Think? Time, 146, 182-189. Herman, L. M. , Kuczaj II, S. A. , A ; Holder, M. D. ( 1993 ) . Responses to Anomalous Gestural Sequences by a Language-Trained Dolphinfish: Evidence for Processing of Semantic Relations and Syntactic Information. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 122, 184-194. Herman, L. M. , Morrel-Samuels, P. , A ; Pack, A. ( 1990 ) . Bottlenosed Dolphin and Human Recognition of Veridical and Degraded Video Displays of an Artificial Gestural Language. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 119, 215-230. Lilly, J. C. , ( 1966 ) . Lilly on Dolphinfishs. Garden City, N.Y. : Anchor Books. Anchor Press/Doubleday. McCowan, B. , Hanser, S. F. , A ; Doyle, L.R. ( 1999 ) . Quantitative tools for comparing carnal communicating systems: information theory applied to bottlenose dolphin whistle repertories. Animal Behaviour, 57, 409-419. Popov, V. V. , A ; Supin, A. Y. ( 1991 ) . Interaural strength and latency difference in the mahimahi? s auditory system. Neuroscience Letters, 133, 295-297. Schusterman, R. J. , Thomas, J. A. , A ; Wood, F. G. ( 1986 ) . Dolphin Cognition and Behavior: A Comparitive Approach. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Shane, S. H. ( 1991 ) . Smarts. Seafrontiers, 37, 40-43. Supin, A. Y. , Popov, V. V. , A ; Klishin, V. O. ( 1993 ) . ABR Frequency Tuning Curves in Dolphins. Journal of Comparitive Psychology A, 173, 649-656. Tyack, P. L. , A ; Sayigh, L. S. ( 1989 ) . These Dolphinfishs Aren? T Just Whistling in the Dark. Oceanus, 32, 80-83.

Jebel Ali Free Zone

Jebel Ali Free Zone (JAFZA) is an international business hub that is located in Dubai. Since its establishment in 1985, this free zone has extremely expanded to incorporate over 6700 companies worldwide. It is strategically located between Jebel Ali Port and Al Maktoum International Airport, which are surrounded by an efficient and effective 6-lane highway infrastructure. These features make JAFZA a unique economic zone among other trading zones.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Jebel Ali Free Zone specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Notably, this Economic Zones World is at the center of various continents like Asia, Africa, and Europe. Therefore, it drives the UAE’s economy. JAFZA aims at providing sustainable business environment to all its stakeholders; for instance, supporting entrepreneurial diversities and worthwhile innovations to its partners. It has been encouraging clients’ participation; f or example, it offered incentives like tax holidays for over 50 years and even implemented currency uniformity. Moreover, the organization provides facilities like packing spaces, plots of land for office spaces and leasing, warehouses, which clients use as showrooms and storage facilities. Therefore, the organization offers a wide market to the entire clients. JAFZA, just like other organizations have been experiencing managerial problems that require a strategic and inclusive proposal to mitigate. The organization has different departments that perform diverse roles in ensuring their clients’ satisfaction. As an international organization, it has employees from all the world’s continents. All cultures are unique. As a result, there is a cultural conflict, which is different ethnicity, countries, and gender. Some employees believe that their culture is superior to all. This leads to lack of cooperation among the employees and departments in general. On the other hand, the organization deals with clients from varied backgrounds. Evidently, language barrier is a drawback that has affected the economic zone. Consequently, communication among stakeholders has been a major challenge. This has resulted to stereotypes and difficulties in integration among the stakeholders. Additionally, JAFZA has a bureaucratic arrangement or structure. This scenario has made it difficult to pass information to the required destination without distortion or alteration and omissions. Moreover, there has been a challenge in obtaining feedback as the departments are operating independently. The lack of departments’ link poses a pronounced threat to the communication passage. This scenario can also lead to dishonesty and untrustworthiness among the firm’s stakeholders. An organization that lacks honesty is surely preparing to fail. In addition, there is lack of information clarity, as not all employees can decode the messages intended to be acted upon. A wron g information interpretation, results to wrong action.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More JAFZA has also been experiencing failure in their communication systems. Specifically, the organization cannot trace their clients if they leave and maintain their employees’ details should the employees lose their email IDs. This reveals a fault in the design of the communication system that the firm has been using. These issues that JAFZA faces requires a proactive approach to ensure the success of the organization. Successful organizations always apply broader solution solving approach. In management, challenges are common issues that firms have to face and deal with pre-emptively. If organizations can minimize their bureaucratic management and communication procedures, they can effectively enhance cohesive workforce. Subsequently, the employees will focus on achieving the fir ms’ strategic business objectives alongside meeting their personal goals. The proposal aims at ensuring that JAFZA’s stakeholders work towards the realization of the firm’s objectives with minimum challenges that their solutions are within their reach. The success of the international business hub relies on the active and full implementation of the suggestions that will be put forward. Precisely, through effective and open communication in an organization, there will be development of strong relationship among the stakeholders such as suppliers, employees, customers, and government agencies. JAFZA ought to carry out a survey on the means by which the communication and other prominent problems can be mitigated. For example, the firm can use of questionnaires. Stakeholders can fill on the possible solutions on the problems that they experience. The management can obtain varied ways forward by surveys, as this method covers wide clients’ base. Furthermore, t he organization can use online services as another method to obtain solutions to their problems. For example, they can use social sites like Facebook and Tweeter to reach the potential clients. Online services are mostly used by the youthful generation than the aging population. Currently, most employees are youths and this approach will effectively enable the firm to solve the problems it is undergoing. The management can slot in the stakeholders’ opinions in the strategies to eradicate these challenges. JAFZA should expect the methodologies to propose a reduction in the communication procedures in the firm. This situation will not only minimize information distortion but also foster an open-communication environment. For example, adopting a flat or horizontal organizational structure will increase interaction between various departments that have not been interlinked. As a result, stakeholders will be motivated by this approach, as they will feel that their opinions are val ued.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Jebel Ali Free Zone specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Likewise, there will be an option for improving the information storage systems. This involves improving the design on the communication infrastructure that ensures real time contact with the clients. Instant communication helps in quick and timely decision making thus assisting in ensuring consistent growth of firms. The proposals on how to improve communication means and systems at JAFZA will eventually result to reduced cost of management. For instance, timely and precious transfer of messages among departments or other stakeholders will be realised. This proposal on Jebel Ali Free Zone was written and submitted by user GwenStacy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Opinion on the importance of money

There are various reasons which make money to be important. Firstly, money is generally accepted amongst numerous individuals. This makes it to be used as a medium of exchange. Additionally, by acting as a medium of exchange, money plays a very important role in facilitating transactions. This is made possible by the fact that individuals can use money to measure the value of a particular commodity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Opinion on the importance of money specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the absence of money, individuals and organizations would be forced to conduct transactions through barter trade which is a relatively challenging system due to existence of double coincidence of wants. For example, if one possesses a particular commodity and intends to exchange it for another, he or she would be required to find another individual who possesses another commodity of equal value. Money is also importa nt in that it can be used as a store of value. This arises from its characteristic of holding its value over a considerable duration. This is further enhanced by the fact that it is more liquid and is available in different denominations compared to other mediums of exchange. As a result, it can be easily transported. Money also contributes towards improvement in the quality of life for example through creation of wealth. As a result, money enables individuals to access basic amenities such as food, shelter and clothing. Money and social status Money contributes towards improvement of an individual’s social status. Currently, society tends to accord higher status and prestige to individuals who have accumulated more money. The social status that comes with money is well illustrated by celebrities such as musicians, business people and politicians amongst others. Previously, a teacher may have higher respect in the society , however on the basis of his or her income, his or he r social status can be reduced significantly. Therefore, money is a major determinant of the social class that an individual belongs within the society. How do people earn money There are two main ways through which individuals earn their income. The first source includes formal and informal employment in either the public or the private sector. A significant proportion of individuals earn their income out of the two economic sectors.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second source entails self employment which arises as a result of one’s ability to exploit his or her entrepreneurial skills or the opportunities presented by the environment. Different people have employed themselves by starting businesses in different economic sectors such as art and music amongst others. Money and crime In an effort to earn money, some individuals have incorporated illegitimate methods . One of the ways through which the urge to earn money has promoted crime is evident in the emergence of organized criminal gangs. These gangs engage in different activities such as money laundering, child trafficking and drug trafficking. Incidences of drug trafficking are carried out worldwide but are more prominent in some countries such as Mexico. Additionally, the urge to earn money has also resulted in violent crimes which in some cases lead to loss of life. Other crimes which have arisen as a result of the need to accumulate money relates to emergence of counterfeit trade especially in some countries such as China. Participation in economic crimes such as counterfeiting has adverse effects on the world’s economy. This is due to the fact that its negative effects to the various economic sectors. This essay on Opinion on the importance of money was written and submitted by user Mason D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now Comparison Research Paper Example

Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now Comparison Research Paper Example Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now Comparison Paper Heart of Darkness Apocalypse Now Comparison Paper the first of these stations was known as the Outer Station and was located near the beach. This was the point in the novel were Marlow met the accountant. The accountant in Conrads novel compares somewhat to the character in Apocalypse Now named Kilgore. You could say that they both dressed in the same manner because they were always dressed so nicely. But before Marlow got to the station he witnessed a French man-o-war firing into the desolate continent. This in a way compares to the way that Kilgore took over the beach by destroying all of its inhabitants. Although they are similar in some ways, they did have very different reasons for doing this. The French ship was firing because they supposedly saw some natives trying to attack their ship. Kilgore took the beach and killed most of its inhabitants just so he and his men could have a good time by going surfing. Although they seem different, they are still so similar because they are destroying human lives just for their entertainment. In the movie between the first and second stations Coppola added something that make it a little more interesting and show us what they are like as they slowly drift further into the darkness and chaos. I am referring to when their patrolboat stopped a boat that contained Vietnamese civilians and supplies. Because a girl made a move towards a basket the soldiers panicked and started to fire wildly, killing everybody onboard. The girl was however only wounded, but Willard coldly executed her. This scene shows us that they were all starting to lose their humanity and turn into some sort of savages. It was like they were all being engulfed by the darkness, one at a time. The next stop in their journey is the Du Lung Bridge, the last military stronghold on the river. This last military outpost somewhat relates to the place in Conrads novel known as the Central Station. This was the place in the novel where Marlow first met the man known as the brickmaker. The brickmaker, as he is known, seems to be some sort of spy for the manager to see what kind of person Marlow is. In the end he mistakes Marlow for being a very important and influential person in Europe. The only similarity between this and Apocalypse Now happened when Willard was looking for the man in charge at the bridge. Because all of the soldiers thought he was an important person, they thought Willard was the leader. The next thing that happened in both the novel and the book was the death of some of their men in ambushes along the way to Kurtzs station. In the novel, the helmsmen died because he was hit with a spear. In the movie, the helmsmen, Chief Phillips is killed by a spear also, but there is also a death of another one of their comrades-Clean. He died in a surprise attack by the Vietcong. These are the points in both the novel and the movie where the characters Marlow and Willard start to lose it. Because Marlow refuses to recognize the black helmsmans humanity, he becomes even more savage. He also believes that the mission is lost. Willard also starts to lose hope in his mission to terminate Kurtz. After these tragic deaths, they finally come upon Kurtzs station where the harlequin is waiting for them. In the novel the harlequin is portrayed as a comical Russian in colorful clothing. In the movie he is portrayed as an American Photo Journalist. They both seem to think that Kurtz is some sort of god and is a man of great intelligence and intellectual thinking. Although after closely examining the area Marlow finds a bunch of heads on posts. Marlow was not very shocked at the sight. He took this as an indication that Kurtz lacked restraint in the gratification of his lusts. Marlow assumed that Kurtz was hollow inside and needed something to fill that. The Russian was irked by Marlows attitude of distrust towards Kurtz. What I find most fascinating is Marlows idea of Kurtz being hollow. This would relate to the poem that Kurtz was reading when Willard was his prisoner-T.S. Eliots Hollow Men. After meeting the harlequin is where the two plot lines start to differ drastically. In the novel, they find Kurtz in the station and bring the sickly looking man back onto the steamer. But during the night Kurtz escapes and plans to attack the people on the steamboat. In the movie Willard is taken prisoner by Kurtz because he knew that Willard was sent here to kill him. While Willard was with Kurtz he learned that you must make a friend of horror and that its judgement that defeats us. But in both the novel and the movie, Marlow and Willard come to their senses and realize the great task remaining before them. They both eventually do kill Kurtz and put and end to his tyranny (although in the novel his death was a little more prolonged). Finally, on his deathbed Kurtz says one of his most famous lines in both the novel and the movie, The horror! The horror! It seems that Kurtz desired power and hated anyone who got in his way. It is also possible that he said this because he was angry that he did not get to finish what he was doing. There was also a similarity in something what Kurtz had once written in the novel, and what Willard had found when he was going through some of Kurtzs documents. These two statements were Exterminate all the brutes (novel) and Drop the bomb, kill them all. (movie) These two sentences are written differently but have the same exact meaning. Here the two Kurtzes sum up what their goal was. It also shows us what was going on in his head, and leads us to wonder whether we are or arent like him. Lastly, is that the endings in the novel and movie are a little different. In the movie Willard just sails away in his PT boat with Lance, but in the novel, Marlow returns home with the packet of papers Kurtz had given him. Here he eventually gives most of the documents away to people like Kurtzs relatives and reporters. But in the end, when Marlow is talking to Kurtzs wife, he does something quite astounding. He lies to her saying that her name was the last words hed spoken. He did this so she would not have to find out about Kurtzs true black heart. He wanted to keep her in her own little world of reality where she was safe from all evil. If she would have found out, it would have led her and many other Europeans to question their own civilization. The novel then ends with Marlow saying that weve been carried out to the darkness but now its coming back with the tide. The movie, Apocalypse Now, dramatically changed the way we look at Heart of Darkness. Because it is expressed visually and in simpler words it is easier to understand the novel and draw conclusions about what is in it. It also made us more aware of the parallels between the Vietnam War and the European colonization of various parts of the world. It helped to lift the veils that were preventing us from seeing the truth behind each topic. It is like what Marlow was talking about at the end of the novel. The fact that governments may be able to hide the truth for a while, but it will eventually come back to haunt them.

IT GOVERNANCE FOR A SERVICE ORGANISATION Assignment

IT GOVERNANCE FOR A SERVICE ORGANISATION - Assignment Example The application of innovative technologies and tools in diverse industrial sectors has reported an increase in value appreciation and speed of operations that has a positive impact on productivity and profitability of business establishments. However, the implementation of IT tools and technologies is not an easy task since it requires huge investment outlays, personnel training and a changed outlook to existing governance practices that adapt to new methods of operation. The advantages and scope of implementation of these tools and technologies must be supported by strong governance practices that support a highly advanced system of work operations. â€Å"The problem of how to deploy IT in such a way that it adds value to the business is far from new and has been the focal area for information managers for a number of years† (ISACA, 2008). ... The organization chosen for this report was Dell owing to its global market presence and leading service provider to millions of customers around the world. Dell – an overview The role of IT in the present business environment has assumed increased significance with most organizations adopting it as the prime strategy to achieve business goals. Leading IT companies like Dell have influenced the ways in which the conventional role of IT thus has shifted from being an operational support mechanism to a primary enabler contributing to increased efficiency and effectiveness in organizational performance. The report provides a deeper insight into the IT governance standards and controls adopted by one of the leading IT service organizations, Dell. Regulatory compliance and audit controls over organizational operations have become a reality today with more and more companies adopting globally accepted IT governance frameworks for increased returns on investment and increased securit y in operations. IT organizations like Dell today operate under increased legislative pressures to ensure high standards of service, effective compliance with governance and legislative requirements, and optimizing work processes for increased information security. IT governance has been defined by ITGI (2009) as the â€Å"responsibility of the board of directors and executive management. It is an integral part of enterprise governance and consists of leadership and organizational structures and processes that ensure that the organization’s IT sustains and extends the organization’s strategies and objectives†. The controls and standards established through various frameworks like ITIL and Cobit provide the IT companies with the direction to control

Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Psychology - Assignment Example Psycho-analytic theory of personality says that our personality is the product of unconscious drives, while behaviorist theory proposes that a person’s conditioning develops his or her personality. But humanistic theory of personality speaks on the importance of self growth and self actualization. It gives freedom for the persons to choose, while other theories are of the view that we are limited in many ways. This is the reason for choosing this idea and this theory changed my attitude that every individual has his or her freedom that would bring self growth and self actualization. The father of modern psychology Sigmund Freud has identified eight stages of life span in the theory of psycho-analysis. They are prenatal, infancy, early childhood, late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and late adulthood. It speaks that every individual belongs to each stages. Prenatal stage of development is the state from conception to birth. Infancy, which is the second stage, ends up with eighteen months. Early childhood is from eighteen months to six years in which the cognitive development of a child occurs. Late childhood starts from six years to thirteen years in which the child becomes sexually matured. The stage of adolescence is between thirteen years to twenty years. Early adulthood stage begins from twenty years to thirty years in which the individual’s important things in life are getting over such as marriage, rearing children etc, Middle adulthood starts from thirty years and ends up at the age of sixty five. The last stage, which is known as late adulthood, is above sixty five. As far as this life span is concerned for each individual, it is very important and each one of us goes across these stages. The personality of a person is influenced by the cultural and social atmosphere around the person. Difference in family context

The Effects of IDD (Intervertebral Differential Dynamics) Theapy Dissertation

The Effects of IDD (Intervertebral Differential Dynamics) Theapy - Dissertation Example It covers about 200 hours of practical exposure to interesting clinical therapies, experiences that I could not get from my classroom. During the internship, I treated a patient for spinal injury using IDD. This paper is about the effects of Invertebrate Differential Dynamic (IDD) Therapy on Spinal injuries. 3 Literature Review Several studies have been carried out in the area of using non-clinical therapies to cure spinal cord injuries or chronic low back pain in medical and clinical practices. This effort is essential in reducing the amount of exposure patients have to clinical operations, and promote natural wellness even in the medical field. Low Back Pain and Spinal Injury Low back pain has become a prevalent condition that reportedly affects about 40% in the United States within a specified period of one month interval. This statistics points to seriousness of this situation as it prevents adult population from contributing enough at their respective workplaces (Deyo et al., 20 06). However, it is worrisome that most of the low back pain (LBP) suffered by people today have no apparent pathoanatomic cause; and this has increased the grave concern among practitioners as they scramble to find the best treatment for LBP. Although, the known cause of low back pain is the disorder of the lumbar intervertebral disks which often leads to irritation of the lumbar nerve roots. —a known symptom of spinal injury. Research findings have revealed that nerve root linkage is responsible for exactly 10% cases of low back pain with a projected prevalence range starting from 12% to 43% (Stafford et al., 2007). Understandably, the low back pain caused by involvement of nerve root (spinal injury) has been found to only responsible for a fraction of low back pain; other related factors include but are not restricted to severe symptoms, increased danger of becoming a chronic LBP and the absence of work or failure 4 to cater for the condition due to lack of sufficient fina ncial capability (Konstantinou and Dunn, 2008). Treating low back pain and spinal injury Previously, patients suffering from

Satire in Tartuffe and Candide

Satire in Tartuffe and Candide The period, known as the Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment Period, began in the late seventeenth century. It was a time of great turmoil and intellectual movements that ultimately led to the beginning of the French Revolution. Enlightenment thinkers were the ones who encouraged and proposed that we rely on and trust our instincts for decision making along with the actions that make. Many Enlightenment thinkers, such as Moliere and Voltaire, were famous for their works. They were two writers that used a very particular approach to their works. Tartuffe, by Moliere, and Candide, by Voltaire, both addressed similar topics and themes such as satire for example. Tartuffe and Candide satirized religious hypocrisy emphasizing on free thinking and reason. Jean-Baptiste Moliere, who was originally named Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, was one of the greatest and well-known comic dramatists. He was known as one of the greatest and famous comic writers mainly because his works challenged the imprudence of trusting reason for different life events. One of Molieres most famous works includes Tartuffe primarily for the amount of controversy it sparked related to satire. Tartuffe is a play that tells about a man named Orgon, who is a wealthy family man, who takes a stranger into his home named Tartuffe. He later indeed is discovered to be a religious hypocrite. He doesnt have any morals or indeed values religion. Tartuffe simply used religion as a disguise to manipulate people and do his crimes. He pretends to be extremely religious, but from his actions and behavior, it goes entirely against the morals of religion. For example, when Tartuffe sees Dorine in Act 3, Scene 2, he tells her: Cover your bust. The flesh is weak Souls are forever damaged by such sights, When sinful thoughts begin their evil flights. From this scene, there is clear evidence showing how Tartuffe is a hypocrite. Here, he preaches about the importance of chastity; however, in the scene that follows, he goes against this statement when he tries to pursue Elmire. Tartuffe tries to persuade Elmire to cheat on Orgon, but she comes up with a plan to expose Tartuffes true personality to Orgon as well as to show him how Tartuffe was trying to seduce her. As a result of this scheme, Orgon sees first-hand that Tartuffe is a religious hypocrite. The way that Moliere displays Tartuffes behavior, when comparing the two scenes, allows the audience to conclude that the way Tartuffe acts doesnt at all coincide with his words. The two different behaviors exemplified in the two scenes is meant to satirize the religious hypocrisy integrated into Tartuffe. A central theme of Tartuffe is religious moderation displayed through Cleante. He shows real pious virtue throughout the play by expressed ideas and thoughts opposed to religious hypocrisy embodied in Tartuffe. Religious moderation is communicated by Cleantes voice through his speeches: So nothing is more odious to me Than the display of specious piety Which I see in every charlatan Who tries to pass for a true holy man    Religious passion worn as a faà §ade Abuses whats sacred and mocks God. They dont exhibit zeal thats more intense Than heaven shows us in its own defense. Theyd never claim a knowledge thats divine And yet they live in virtues own design. They concentrate their hatred on the sin, And when the sinner grieves, invite him in. (Molià ¨re 24-25) This speech by Cleante in Act 1 Scene 5 is supported by a firmly structured argument to emphasize on Molià ¨res belief and support of religious moderation. Molià ¨re uses Cleantes speech to compare between the people that are actual pious against those individuals who are only pretending to be pious, like Tartuffe. Those who pretend to be pious do more talking and preaching versus actually showing actions to back up their words. The extremely holy people follow God as well as use actions more opposed to teaching. I think by Moliere using these statements in his play through Cleante; he is sending a message to his audience to exhibit religious moderation by being like Cleante. Francois-Marie Arouet, better known by his pen name Voltaire, was an outspoken and fearless writer. So much so, he landed himself in exile more than once. He was determined to have his work published by any means even if he had to do it secretly. One of Voltaires most notable works was Candide, which was written in response to news that Voltaire found to be disturbing. Unlike Tartuffe, where religious hypocrisy is embodied by one character, Voltaire attacks religious hypocrisy through religious communities. Like Moliere, Voltaire satirizes religious moderation as well. In Candide, Voltaire uses the character, Pangloss, as a way to mock his view on religious moderation. Voltaire believed humans should rely on their reason and senses to make decisions and understand the world. Throughout the novel, Pangloss has an optimistic view of how he sees the world. He believes that God made the best possible world that we can live in and that everything that happens is necessary. Candide recalls his mentors philosophy: It is clear, said he, that things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve an end, everything necessarily serves the best end. (Voltaire, 101) Panglosss philosophy encourages and promotes that people should trust and follow their religious faith blindly. Voltaire satirizes this because he has a different belief. As demonstrated by Candides misfortunes throughout the novel, his mentors optimistic view and philosophy proved to be inaccurate, such as with the drowning of Jacques the Anabaptist. After this disaster and all the other horrible experiences, leads Candide to question Panglosss philosophy about whether or not his unfortunate experiences are part of the best of all possible worlds. Moliere and Voltaire successfully satirize their views on religious hypocrisy and moderation in Tartuffe and Candide. With each of their works, they hoped to get a message out to society that would catch attention as both did with the amount of controversy their works caused. Even though their works were written many centuries ago, it served as a foundation for satirical writers in the modern day. The world we live in today is still filled with negative aspects of religion such as with the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015. The messages Moliere and Voltaire communicated are still important to this day and probably needs to be addressed more elaborately in the present age than it was at the time their works were published. Works Cited Page Moliere. Tartuffe. The Norton Anthology World Literature, vol. 2, 3rd edition, pp. 12-68. Voltaire. Candide. The Norton Anthology World Literature, vol. 2, 3rd edition, pp. 97-159.

Role of Marketing Staff

The Role of the Marketing Staff DONALD R. LONGMAN Business management [S increasingly dependent upon marketing to gain enduring competitive advantage. This article describes the rich opportunities for success presented by a change rn the approach to marketing stafF work and acquisition of professional personnel for it. GREAT DEAL has been written in recent years about the marketing concept. We may expect to see much more; for competition in American industry is increasingly centered in marketing-. This is a substantial change from the situation only a few decades ago. Success then hung on creative skill in evolving substantially new types of products, new production processes, new efficiency systems. Each step forward in these areas produced relatively strong and enduring competitive advantages. This is much less true today. Mass training of skilled research and development men and of production engineers, increased mobility of manpower, and mass communication at the professional level have all served to spread technological know-how with amazing speed. Competitors employ research men and engineers of parallel training, professional contact, and skill. If one company's team seems relatively inept in the competitive battle, it is still possible to call upon a superior group of consulting engineers for help while a new team is being built. Under these conditions, competitors quickly identify and match successful innovations made by any company in their field. They may even improve on the original innovator's ideas. It would be vain to suppose that even such corporate giants as Esso, U. S. Steel, or^ General Motors could gain and hold for long a major competitive advantage in product or manufacturing process. Indeed, it has become common practice to grant licenses to competitors on a royalty basis, thus removing technical innovations as a basis of competitive advantage in the market. Competitive Opportunities It^ is this comparative equality in production skills that is forcing a shift in the weight of competition to marketing. Marketing is still a relatively unexplored area. Our customers are so many, so scattered, and so nonhomogeneous in nature and in demands that they are difficult to understand. We are not even sure how we can best serve them economically and efficiently. Changes are still commonplace among big, well-established companies in such basic elements as channels of distribution, discount systems, warehousing arrangements, and service policies. Such changes grow as much out of uncertainty and insecurity m marketing decision as out of changes in the market itself or m marketing institutions. Marketing offers a rich area of opportunity for competitive advantage, richer today than that offered by any other phase of business. But if a company is to seize this opportunity, a lot has to be done. 29 30 Journal of Marketing, July, 1962 Requirements for Efficient Marketing 1. A Sound Understanding of the Market First, it is essential to acquire a comprehensive understanding of the market itself. This is a matter of getting the facts, completely and accurately. One has to know the exact size of the market and its geographical distribution. One must know who make up the market, the numbers and kinds of people. Where do they buy, in what quantities, how often, why? What products are available for them to choose among? What are their characteristics, their prices, tbeir patterns of distribution? What are the products used for, what satisfactions do they provide? Why is one brand chosen over nother; and why do people change in their choices? There is so much that needs to be known, and known well. How else can we think constructively of the marketing process until we have a solid grasp of the facts, a sure sense of perspective? The truth is that little effort to think constructively about marketing was made during the decades when competitive success was estab lished by production efforts. Systematic collection and analysis of marketing facts have been undertaken, even by the largest and most progressive companies, only during the last fifteen or twenty years. Indeed, the evolution of marketing, research may serve as n index of the shift in competitive pressure toward marketing. We possess today the tools and techniques for acquiring quickly and efficiently almost all the basic data necessary to provide executives with a sound perspective in marketing. Yet marketing research is still inadequately utilized; there is ample room even now for a company to gain major marketing advantages over competitors simply by superior knowledge of the facts of the business. The 10,000 professional marketing research men today are probably not a third of the number we may expect when marketing has been developed to a peak of fficiency comparable to production. 2. Innovation The second requisite to superior marketing lies in innovation. There is no progress in acceptance of routine, in copying competitive practices, in turgid operation. Indeed, in the fiuid environment of marketing, with changes in policies, practices, and procedures borne no more of creative thought than of uncertainty, the well thought out, tested innovations may prove extremely rewarding. We must be prepared to consider alterations, often radical changes, in methods and policies. We must become creative, cultivating a flexibility of mind that seeks and considers ew approaches. We must be prepared to reexamine the basic premises upon which our policies rest. We must begin to ask the fundamental questions and to fix them in our mind, looking, looking always for new answers. There exists a unit expected to devise and explore new ideas in the production area. It is supposed to suggest innovations, to challenge current practices. It is staffed with men of imagination, men of specialized education, men whose minds are constantly stirred and challenged by contacts with ba sic research scientists in our universities, foundations, and government units. They are in continuous ontact with other professionals throughout the country, often in other countries, and are constantly stimulated by the ideas and exploratory efforts they encounter in a wide variety of industries. They are Research and Development men. There is no comparable unit in marketing, even in companies whose marketing costs far exceed manufacturing costs. The nearest marketing pai'- allel'is to be found in advertising agencies. These owe their independent existence to the very fact that creative imagination and innovation are obviously essential to advertising; and even the largest advertisers do not provide in their marketing rganizations a climate conductive to high quality creative work. But the advertising agency is concerned fundamentally with only one of many marketing activities. It is not well equipped to serve as the creative arm for the entire marketing function. It is not paid e nough to do the job; nor is the company advertising manager who works with the agency so positioned in his own company that he could spark the creative effort for the entire Marketing Department. This means that a new and different unit is needed to function within the company itself. It must be staffed with men of creative minds, trained n seeing and exploring possibilities not clear to others. They need to be observers of marketing in all of industry, stirred and challenged by professional association with creative men in universities, consulting firms, everywhere that pioneering thought g-oes on. They must imagine, synthesize ideas, experiment systematically. They may be engineers exploring the application of operations research to warehousing. They may be psychologists studying the foundations of sales- †¢ ABOUT THE AUTHOR. Donald Longman is Vice President and Director of Research for the J. Walter Thompson Company, New York. He is President f the American Marlteting Associ ation and Chairman of the International Marketing Federation. In earlier years Dr. Longman was a university professor and a government executive. He has held senior positions in business in both line and staff capacities. He is the author of a number of books and articles. The Role of the Marketing Staff 31 men's or dealers' morale and motivation. They may be marketing researchers probing ways to break old consumer buying habits and build new ones. They may be systematically testing consumer responses to a range of product styles, flavors, or scents. They must be the Marketing R and D. . Scientific Approach to Decision Making The third major requisite to superior marketing lies in hard-headed, scientific decision making. This requires a solid grasp of the facts of a business through research and through experience. More important, it requires imagination, perceptiveness, thoroughness, objectivity, analytical skill, and emotional stability. Few people acquire all these traits in the normal course of their lives; our marketing executives today introduce large portions of emotion, hunch, habit, and haste in their judgments. But needed qualities can be developed as a matter of explicit training. In increasing measure they are being developed in the best of our Schools of Business. Decision making is extraordinarily complex in the marketing field. When decision is required between alternative policies or procedures, it is necessary first to grasp fully and completely the exact nature of the alternatives and all their implications. It may seem simple, for example, to select a brand name for a new product; but this is only true for one who does not know both the values and dangers in a name. A name can convey a sense of quality, lend itself to easy recall, facilitate effective advertising, express values to be received in use; n sum, it can secure a privileged competitive position to its owner. Or it can be easily ridiculed or played upon, fail of copyright, be subject to confusion with other names, and so on. In truth, there are scores of facts to consider in selecting names, a wide variety of criteria to employ in judgment. There is a lot at stake. If this is true of names, i magine how much more true this is of issues concerning pricing, packaging, discount systems, employment and motivation of salesmen, advertising themes, and so on and on. Each issue must be studied objectively, its implications uncovered. All the facts relevant to ecision must be marshalled. The possible effects of alternative courses must be weighed. Experimentation or testing may be considered. This is the slow, arduous, but hard-headed and scientific approach to decision making. This is the way to confident action, desirable any time but mandatory when significantly new, creative innovations are put into effect. Those of us privileged to have close contact with marketing management over the past twenty years have seen a slow but steady progress toward this kind of decision making. Arbitrary, hasty, â€Å"seatof- the-pants† decisions based on hunch, enthusiasm, nd personal preferment for the individual advocates of one course are becoming less common. Yet there remains much room for improvement in decision making today. 4. Efficient Administration The fourth requisite to marketing success lies in efficient administration—the daily execution of policy and practice, the employment of facilities and men, the operating job. This is the field of marketing performance, so obviously necessary that it could not be overlooked. Here the need is for inspiring leadership of men, operating drive, astute supervision of performance in every detail, the building and aintenance of a morale that instills a motivation in the doers of the marketing job. Broadly speaking, marketing can claim credit for superior performance in this area; it has been given thought and attention at a senior business management level. By the same token, it is the marketing requisite least rich in opportunities for improvement and, therefore, least likely to yield a competitive advantage in marketing. The very obviousness of the need for sound administration has tended to obscure the nee d for the other three basic requisites in marketing—a full understanding of the market itself; the development f creative, new ideas or innovations; the making of decisions on a hard-headed, scientific basis. Administration is a big job, involving, the employment and supervision of hundreds, even thousands, of people, as well as the purchase, maintenance, and operation of equipment and facilities of countless kinds. And the huge expenditures for marketing lie under the administrator's control. Small wonder, then, that marketing administration was equated with all of marketing, until increasing competitive equality in other areas forced people to study more seriously the nature of the marketing function. Sound administration is a fundamental component of marketing, but is far from all of it. It is the operation of a gigantic â€Å"machine. † This marketing machine works on the materials provided it, and under the policies and procedures set for it. The machine operator, skilled as he may be in his function, is rarely qualified alone to conceive, test, and decide upon new ideas, on new policies and procedures. He is not an innovator. He is not a researcher. He is not a trained and objective decision maker. These are different problems, requiring skills and training different from his, perhaps even a different temperament. A New Organization of the Marketing Function The slowly growing recognition that marketing management requires much more than administra32 Journal of Marketing, July, 1962 tive skill has led our largest and most progressive companies to bring a new kind of man to the Marketing Vice Presidency. He tends to be more thoughtful, sometimes skilled more in handling ideas than in handling men. He is more objective, analytical, less emotionally involved in his assignment. He has begun demanding research—searching for ideas, thinking of both â€Å"strategy and tactics. † The basic administrative management of arketing, the line operating responsibility, is being delegated to a subordinate General Sales Manager or Director of Field Sales Activities. Concurrently, staff departments in marketing have grown in number and influence. New units have appeared. We now have Product Managers, Marketing Operations Managers, Research Managers, along with the older Advertising and Credit Mana gers. Even Marketing Accounting and Marketing Personnel Managers may serve as members of the Marketing Stafif. Functions and Operation of the Marketing Staff The functions of these several staff groups have not been clearly crystallized as yet. Broadly speaking. , most of them are supposed to study all phases of the company's marketing operations in the area of their specialization; keep the Marketing Vice President closely posted on trends and developments in their areas; check performance efficiency; and recommend policy or procedure changes when they seem needed. Thus, the Product Manager for a particular product keeps closely informed on all competitive conditions affecting his product, observes regional and district sales performance on the product, notes obstacles to sales success, and proposes means of overcoming them. The Operations Manager concerns imself with the supply, maintenance, and efficient performance of all physical facilities, stores, warehouses, delivery systems, etc. As a superior specialist in this area, he advises the Marketing Vice President on ways to improve efficiency and service, and to cut operating costs. The same kind of work is done by the Credit Manager, the Marketing Accounting and Personn el Managers, and the Advertising and Sales Promotion Manager. Collectively, the staff managers cover all the difiierent functions in marketing. When these Departments were set up, it was natural, of course, to staff them with young men ho had proved themselves successful in the company's marketing activities. So, they were drawn from the ranks of the administrators. Generally this is still true, for this is the logical source of men and these jobs are still not clearly enough defined to suggest the need to look elsewhere. But this will change, indeed is in the process of change. It is not enough for the Product Manager or Operations Manager to serve as an observer of operations, to be an administrative second-guesser in a particular area of specialty. This would be a most routine approach to a job, unworthy of senior personnel. Rather, the staff Manager and his assistants must use their advantageous positions to acquire all relevant information affecting their functions. They must assimilate, analyze, and evaluate these data constructively. They must add to this, the stimulus of wide-ranging contact and observation of their industry and of many others. They must cultivate a flexibility of mind inviting new ideas. They must become creative—considering all manner of policies, procedures, activities which can add to marketing opportunities or improve service and increase efficiency. They must develop and explore their creative deas, testing mentally or in the market place those which seem most promising. In handling such tasks, they develop habits of thoroughness and objectivity, making scores of decisions on the basis of a scientific approach. They are truly staff experts— observing, creating, testing, recommending ways of doing their part of the marketing job better than it has been done before . This is the basic job of the Product Manager. Concentrating all energies on the one product or product line for which he bears responsibility, it is his job to conceive new and better ways to market it. His work may lead to recommended product odifications, package changes, price or distribution revisions. He may study advertising, promotion, guarantees, and service, and come up with new recommendations. He is the innovator, the preliminary decision maker, working from intimate knowledge of all relevant facts. The same is true of the Marketing Operations Manager. He is studying the nature and design of his retail outlets, the number and location of warehouses, the packing and order-filling system, the volume and distribution of inventories. He has scores of subjects to study, each offering opportunities for significant improvement. If he can nly conceive a better type of retailing equipment for his stores, a better system of truck scheduling, a finer system of production-distribut ion coordination, he can strengthen his company's competitive position and add to its profits, just as can the Research and Development Manager or the Production Manager. What is true of Product and Operations Managers is just as true of the Advertising, Sales Promotion, and Public Relations Managers. It is just as true of the Marketing Personnel Manager. By use of cost analysis, the Marketing Accounting Manager can make significant contributions to policy on reas of operation, channels of distribution, a quantity discount system, and a hundred other things. We need an explicit, articulated understanding that this is the job of the Staff Manager. We need The Role of the Marketing Staff 33 to recognize formally, and afiirmatively that innovation and scientific decision making is the particular province of these men . . . that collectively they represent a kind of R and D for Marketing. The Staff as Professionals When this is done, we will have a very different set of specifications f or men to fill these jobs. They must possess keenly analytical but highly fiexible minds. They must be imaginative, creative. They must be objective, thorough, trained in the scientific approach to problems. They must know the rudiments of collection, assimilation, and evaluation of data. They must be well informed, with wide contacts in industry and education. In a word, they must be professionals. Broadly speaking, this is the kind of background and training we find most often today in marketingresearch men and consultants. This implies that in time most senior staff positions in marketing will be research positions. After all, research, viewed broadly, is nothing more than the systematic, horough, objective examination of a problem; the orderly acquisition of all relevant data bearing upon it; and the meaningful, creative evaluation of the data in terms of conclusions and recommendations. This is, indeed, what is expected of Marketing Staff Managers. With further passage of time, however, the specific functions of marketing research will be narrowed. Today anyone engag ed in simple fact gathering may be called a research man. Ten years from now, however, the term prohably will be reserved largely for those who by long, and specialized training have mastered the more complex and intricate echniques of research. They will be the specialists in sampling, in operations research, in projective techniques. The Marketing Research Department will not be large, and it will carry out its work on a service basis for all the Marketing Staff Managers. The changes ahead are already very much in the process of being made. Product Managers, Advertising Managers, staff men of every kind are addressing themselves ever more seriously to their Jobs, going farther and farther beyond routine, specialized, administrative observation and suggestion. They are getting into their jobs more deeply han ever, and so they feel impelled to creative and decision making roles. And more and more such jobs are going to research men and to men whose training and temperament commend t hem for a research approach to business. The trend will quicken as there is more widespread specific recognition and articulation of the ultimate character of staff work. MARKETING MEMO We Are Already Living in the Future . . . ^ Are you enjoying your life in 1985? Through no time machine, via no crystal ball, we are, today, living lives accurately predicted by early science forecasters and science fictioneers—but predicted for about 1985. Our age is a good quarter of a century ahead of its time, thanks to developments that would have waited many more years—except for urgent military necessity. Many of us resent defense spending. We begrudge its existence as a necessary waste that helps insure freedom, but yields no tangible return. How wrong we are! Our defense research dollars, aimed at strengthening our military muscle, are pushing civilians toward richer, healthier, safer, more convenient living. It was military money that led to the development of the safety door lock and the low-profile anti-skid tires now on many new automobiles. Military necessity mothered rainwear that remains indefinitely repellent to water, oil. and grease despite repeated laundering and dry cleaning. ^John G. Hubbell, â€Å"Life in 11)85 Today,† reprinted by permission of Quest . . . for tomorrow Magazine, Vol. 2 (Summer, 1961), p. 14. Copyright of Journal of Marketing is the property of American Marketing Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

Leadership theme in Othello

William Shakespeare is one of the most profound writers that ever existed; his books have touched almost all aspects of life. I was drawn by Othello because of the natural skill and brilliance the author used. How Shakespeare builds character of the protagonists and antagonists is out of this world; the sequence of scenes and vocabulary in use is also unparalleled. Not only in Othello but also in his other plays. Love and romance is one of the themes that his plays revolved on; we can say he used it as device to attract more readers and viewers, but if we look at it as a non marketing tool we can also say that he centered in it to confuse the authorities of England that were ruthless when it came to dealing with anti government policies, e.g colonialism. I solely deployed the review method of research as it would give me the filtered thoughts of professionals on the matter. That said, neo-classic literature critics have come to a truce that Othello is a play that lays bare the qualities of a true leader and how the leadership can influence the political and economic sector. These traits can be laid bare if one deciphers the underlying message in the characters actions and words. All characters have different traits so I paid keen attention to the protagonist and antagonist; Othello and Lago. Their smooth distinction and how ones opinions and suggestions could affect the other lays bare the desirable and undesirable traits in leadership. The main purpose of this review is to try and show Shakespeare's honorable audience that there is more to his plays than just love themes. Leadership theme in OthelloI will have to begin this introduction by a praise to the play master himself; William Shakespeare. At the beginning of the play the writer portrays Othello as a very indecisive man and still hard lined to his shortcomings. Later on, the character takes a paradigm shift and he is able to be adored by the audience. This is made possible by his selfless actions capped with eloquent enticing skills. Lago who is the villain is seemingly attached to the main character, staying true to his malicious cause; he leads to the memorable demise of Othello. How this two interact should be an eye opener for leaders to be cautious and very selective of the company they keep and how that company influences his thoughts and delivery when in and out of duty. At the onset of the play we might have a likable feeling towards Lago but when detailing on the triggers of his actions we will see that he was created to clearly show shortcomings of any leader and what happens to them if they pushed to the breaking point by wrong influences. Lago's treacherous act were driven by human desires; he wanted Cassio's post as a lieutenant and that was his reason for spreading the rumor to his boss that his wife was having a secret affair with his enemy. We must also marvel at how Lago drew the equation and fixed Brabantio in it as he knew how much he detested the affair Othello had with Desdemona. The obvious notion that Lago had was that Othello would kill his competition. In contrast of notions and deeds, we see that Othello had positive thoughts and his dear friend and he even defended when need arose. Their relation only proves how any person can be vulnerable to deceit and self destruction. It is sad that Othello let Lago control his thoughts and deeds. The sequence of the scenes and how Othello behaves in different surroundings also profiles him as a very noble person. The scenes shift between being tense, romantic and spiteful, despite this we realize that protagonist behaves benevolently in most of them until the point he felt that he could take it no more; thanks to Lago. When cruising through the scenes, we realize that Lago has somewhat become the central character as when he is not there, his shadow is seen in how Othello behaves. The level of contact and communication between these two characters even surpasses how the protagonist relates to his own wife; Desdemona. The underlying message here is that the theme of leadership is the one that is on emphasis. The post Othello holds in the society and his racial background also gives the dynamics how leadership selection and election should be. The cases presented to the senate show a leader should behave and how cases should be handled. I think the last scenes were scripted to intentionally lean on the romantic theme so that the audience attention doesn't waver or as had said before; so that the authorities couldn't smell malice in the writing. Materials and methodsThe materials used were the play; OTHELLO written by William Shakespeare and the online articles that supported the analysis that leadership theme was central in the play in question. To get a clear view of the topic I had to keenly analyze the scenes in the play, notice the mood how the protagonist and antagonist behaved in them. I also used psychology scholarly articles to justify if the characters actions came out naturally or if there was a modicum of restraint and moderation despite the outward triggers to behave wildly. I gave an economic touch to this research by stating if the traits portrayed were beneficial or detrimental if possessed by leaders in organizations. Results obtainedThere was mixture of both bad and good qualities when Othello was the man in question. Among the good traits he possessed that made an astounding leader and likable characters were;Taking responsibility, he proved this when Lago came to warn him about the vengeful search that Brabantio had launched on him. Brabantio had an obvious dislike for Othello as he thought that he had used charm and voodoo to woe Desdemona, we can say that Brabantio used this claim on our protagonist as he was not from a white descent. Despite the warning and imminent threat of destruction that the latter faced, he stood firm to his ground as swore not to flee; a matter which he fulfilled (pluckrose-2017). He was ready to face the consequences if need be because he believed that what he did was true. He showed respect to his foes and elders whenever he was addressing them, such a scenario were when he was presented to the senate to answer a case where Brabantio had accused him of charming his daughter. He praised the senators by referring to them as his very noble and approved masters. The word masters is emphasized cause it meant that despite his post, he still acknowledged that he fell under the laws of the land.He was a peace maker; this was evident when an infuriated Brabantio approached him with his swordsmen. Instead of reacting in panic, fear or anger, he diffused the tension with a joke and proved he was a peace maker. It is evident that he had skills in war and he would have opted to use them in that moment if he was a selfish and ruthless leader. He opted not to because he knew there are civilized ways of solving matters.His composed and eloquent character made him stand out in all the scenes, the writer made it appear like he was the most learned person in the whole play. He maintains his composure When being presented at the senate for heinous claims and still achieves a rhyme when speaking, he says signor†¦masters..daughter†¦and her in one sentence. We see some senators showing admiration to the protagonist.Jealousy and gullibility are some of the negative traits that Othello exhibits. He lets Lago's words get into his and hood his judgment. He tends to lay so much trust in the antagonist that he doesn't bother verifying the authenticity of the words; a matter that culminated to his tragic demise. The jealous he feels for the rumored relationship between his wife and Cassio prove him emotionally weak, also a matter that leads to the tragic end of the play.He thought Self depreciation warranted him to depreciate Cassio's abilities. He acknowledged his own weaknesses and assumed that his love opponent that was a much lesser man than him. This is a very worrying trait for a business leader to posses as it doesn't lead to solving of a problem. He was overconfident in his doings and words. He used outrageous words to demean Cassio and filled his head with ideas that Cassio was lesser man hence could not compete with him in any way. It is by this assumptions that he starting plotting to kill his wife and her purported lover.He was emotionally weak. This trait was not evident at the beginning when he stayed to meet eye to eye with Brabantio but when he let Lago get into his head he lost his entire cool and behaved like an uncivilized moron by ending his own life. Discussion and conclusionFrom the above results we notice that all men can be vulnerable to bad influence, if only Othello had kept Lago a little bit far from him they he would have maintained his reputation as a perfect leader. The positive traits that have elaborated can help the managers in decision making and situation handling in the corporate world (stein-2005). A leader must learn to be responsible and accountable for his own actions when he feels that what he did was right. Even if he is wrong, he must judge himself harshly as failure leads to experience. From Othello's descent we learn that race does not determine ones traits, Othello was not a pure white man but he proved to be wiser and more composed than Lago. With inference from the original text and the examples I used, we reach a conclusion that leadership is truly the main theme in the play and that love is only used as style to attract the audience and capture its attention. ReferencesAn online article written by Helen Pluckrose on 19th January 2017Evolution psychology in the humanities: Shakespeare's Othellohttps://areomagazine.com/2017/01/19/evolution-psychology-in-the-humanities-shakespeare-othello/Scholarly journal by M Stein written in 2005The Othello conundrum: the inner contagion of leadershiphttps://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0170840605055339

Lance Armstron essays

Lance Armstron essays Its mid summer, a steamy 80-100 degrees farenheit, 15-35 mile per hour winds blow across the flatlands and mountains of one of the worlds most beautiful countries, France. 189 men, riding $5000 bicycles embark on a journey which will cover the flat lands of the north, and the treacherous mountain passes of the Pyrenean and Alpine mountain ranges of the south, totaling 3282 kilometers with only 2 rest days, each stage averaging 164 kilometers, for 22 days the race will be shaped by crashes, attacks, clash of wills and the struggle to be #1. For many, the race started on July 6 2002. But for one man, the race for his life began in the fall of 1996 Some of the most successful people in life have had to overcome disadvantages and obstacles that most others take for granted. I think Lance Armstrong is one of those successful people. Lisa, Lance's mother, knew things wouldn't be easy for him because she was only 17 when he was born and his father was never in the picture. She raised him enforcing an unbending rule: " make every obstacle an opportunity." Lance developed a love for endurance sports at an early age. He joined a local swim club when he was in the fifth grade and he trained with a coach that Lance says to this day is one of the best coaches he has ever had. When Lance was 13, he started riding a bike to swim practice. His daily workout routine consisted of 6 miles in the water and 20 miles on the bike. Pretty soon Lance became known all around the country because he was already a professional triathlete at the age of fifteen. Lance and his mom would travel all over Texas and other southern states entering as many race s as possible. When he was sixteen years old he was making about $20,000 a year racing. By the time he was a senior in high school his main interest was cycling. That year he was named to the U.S. national cycling team and he left home to g Sports Heroes In the world of sports, heroes are made each day. Some ...

Bone Density Testing essays

Bone Density Testing essays Bone densitometry (BD) or central dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), has become an established and a well-known tool for diagnosing and following up patients with disorders affecting the bone mineralization such as osteoporosis or osteopenia. Osteoporosis has been defined as a condition characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and increase in fracture risk. Osteopenia refers to decreased calcification or density of the bone. DEXA results are measured in units of grams per square centimeter (g/cm2 ) and are expressed as a Z score and a T score. The value tested on an individual is compared to others of the same age, sex, and race. This is called the Z-score. It is given in standard deviations (SD) from the average value for the specific age group. A negative () value indicates that an individual has thinner bones (lower bone density) than the average of people in their group. A positive (+) value indicates that one has higher bone density than the average of people in the group. In BD, the T-score is expressed as a standard deviation (SD), which is a statistical measure of how closely each person in a group is to the average (mean) of the group. The average BD is determined by measuring the bone density of a large group of healthy 30-year-olds (young adult reference range). BD values are then reported as a standard deviation from the mean of this reference group. About 90% of people have a BD value within 2 standard deviations of this mean. Once again a negative value indicates that one has thinner bones (lower bone density) than an average 30-year-old and a positive value indicates that he/she has higher bone density than an average 30-year-old. The results are interpreted as follows: BD value in relation to young adult mean Classification ...

The Science of Giftcards Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Science of Giftcards - Research Paper Example Cards issued by banks are also usually accepted at any vendor. Just as with anything else there are laws governing gift cards, though they vary quite a lot by different States. Provisions are in place regarding fees that may be assessed on them, rules concerning expiration dates, and still more rules governing escheat provisions, which are to describe when property considered abandoned or unclaimed can be reclaimed by the government. According to the Federal Reserve’s website as of July 2010, new laws will take effect governing gift cards, also another 20 iStates have legislation pending regarding gift certificates and gift cards. We will not look more closely at these laws in recognition of the fact that this report is being prepared for a National Company. 2011 saw over 25 billion dollars spent on cards of all kinds, from the traditional store valued, rebates, promotional and loyalty cards, electronic and e cards. Holiday gift cards have been the most requested gift the previous four years with no competition even close. National Retail Fashion estimated that more than 75% of shoppers purchased at least one this Christmas Season. In the past few years gift cards sales have increased exponentially. Bankers, merchants, retailers, credit card companies, and makers of consumer goods haven’t failed to take notice of this. A secondary market has even formed as backlash from the high success of the gift card market, where customers can sell, swap, and buy one another’s cards. Third party processors are now needed to manage the cards legal, regulatory and accounting issues. The last fact of these gift cards is quickly becoming a concern for some. Liabilities are complex when a gift card expires before the consumer has been able to redeem the card. Some States feel that unused breakage or balances are unclaimed property due them under State escheatment laws.

Movie Volcano 1997 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Movie Volcano 1997 - Essay Example should have taken charge because he was the director of EOC and the situation required the center to take over control since none of the other departments were equipped to handle an emergency. Moreover, a team should have been developed that contained representatives from the departments being involved with Lee Jones heading the team. When Lee Jones came to know about the gas leak, he went to the site to inspect the damages himself. He started asking questions and demanded answers for the gas leak. He also proposed that the metro station be shut down for the safety of the public. He even went underground to investigate further without gaining proper access. The experts should be allowed to investigate further because they would analyze the seriousness of the issue. The experts have more knowledge about the issue. They would also be able to provide information on the flow, intensity and impact of the disaster. This would then help the Emergency Operations Center to be better prepared for the emergency. They would devise better plans based on the report by the experts. Assistant OEM Director took over command after the incidence at the subway train occurred. Before this, he was not willing to accept that an emergency of such big proportions was going to impact the state. However, after the incidence at the subway station, he had no choice but to take notice of the situation. The seriousness of the volcano was felt when the lava was seen for the first time just before the incident near the LA Brea Tar Pits in the subway train. An entire train derails and Lee Jones is present to witness the calamity with this daughter. Before this, the movie was building up for this scene where steam rising from the concrete led Dr. Barnes to conclude that a volcano was building. However, even then, the depth of the calamity was not understood. This happened only when casualties occurred in the form the train passengers and the onlookers. He called the OEM center and asked his

The Entire Revamped E-Marketing Effort Through the Linked Term Paper

The Entire Revamped E-Marketing Effort Through the Linked - Term Paper Example PR Smith (2006) puts the marketing plan and the SOSTAC model in the strategic perspective when it states the following, â€Å"Finally, one question that commonly arises: Where would you put Target Markets, Marketing Mix and Positioning in SOSTAC? The answer is that Target Markets pop up almost everywhere. Target Markets are so important that once you have identified them in the objectives, they pop up all over a marketing plan - in the situation analysis, objectives, strategy, tactics and so on. A summary of the current marketing mix and positioning will appear in the Situation Analysis under a 'review' section. The future mix and positioning and target markets are often summarized under Strategy and explained in detail under Tactics†. Literature has been predicting healthy growth rates for the home furniture markets. Healthy growth rates imply that such rates are neither spectacular nor very low. â€Å"With an estimated value of over  £210 million in 2005, the home office furniture market is forecast to maintain reasonably healthy growth rates in the short-medium term, depending on external economic and other micro market factors. (Home,2006) In terms of looking at the trends in the demand for the products; the trends that have emerged from early 2000 have been consolidating and repeating themselves over the years. While the last 7 years trends have indicated that the customers preferred elegance combined with simplicity and space and cost-effectiveness; a newer refinement has been in terms of modern designs that are durable and long lasting. â€Å"In terms of NPD, stylishness is likely to be big.

Imagination in Romantic Poetry Essay Example for Free

Imagination in Romantic Poetry Essay A large part of those extracts on Romantic imagination which are contained in the fascicule on pages D64 and D65 – are strictly related to an ancient theory about Art and Reality’s imitation, the Theory of Forms concieved by a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician Plato in Greek: ÃŽ  ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¬Ãâ€žÃâ€°ÃŽ ½, Plà ¡tÃ… n, broad; from 424/423 BC to 348/347 BC. The Theory of Forms in Greek: á ¼ °ÃŽ ´ÃŽ ­ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ¹ typically refers to the belief expressed by Socrates in some of Platos dialogues, that the material world as it seems to us is not the real world, but only an image or copy of the real world. Socrates spoke of forms in formulating a solution to the problem of universals. The forms, according to Socrates, are roughly speaking archetypes or abstract representations of the many types of things, and properties we feel and see around us, that can only be perceived by reason in Greek: ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ³ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ ºÃŽ ® that is, they are universals. In other words, Socrates sometimes seems to recognise two worlds: the Apparent world, which constantly changes, and an unchanging and unseen world of forms, which may be a cause of what is apparent. This theory is proposed in different ways in Blake’s, Coleridge’s Shelley’s extracts. The former says that â€Å"This world of Imagination is the world of Eternity† (A Vision of the Last Judgement, 1810) a place which resembles to a sort of otherworldly realm where â€Å"Exist [] the Permanent Realities of Every Thing (the Form) which we see reflected in this Vegetable Glass of Nature (the Apparent world)†. A similar thing is exposed by Samuel Coleridge an english romantic poet who divides Imagination in Primary and Secondary. The former is â€Å"the living Power and prime Agent of all human Perception, and as a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the infinite†, the latter is an echo of the former who â€Å"dissolves, diffuses, dissipates, in order to re-create† (Biographia Literaria, 1817) a thing which is totally different from Fancy. Even in Shelley the poetry is presented as â€Å"something of divine [] not like reasoning† (A Defence of Poetry, 1821) which beholds as the poet, the present, the past, and the future. In Keats and Wordsworth the poetry became â€Å"the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings [originating] from emotion recollected in tranquillity† (Preface to Lyrical Ballads) and the poet â€Å"the most unpoetical of any thing in existence; because he has no Identity† (A Letter to Richard Woodhouse, October 27th 1818). So Art is imitation, a feature of both of Platos theories. In the Republic, Plato says that art imitates the objects and events of ordinary life. In other words, a work of art is a copy of a copy of a Form. It is even more of an illusion than is ordinary experience. On this theory, works of art are at best entertainment, and at worst a delusion. This theory actually appears in Platos short early dialogue, the Ion. Socrates is questioning a poet named Ion, who recites Homers poetry brilliantly but is no good at reciting anything else. Socrates is puzzled by this; it seems to him that if Ion has an art, or skill, of reciting poetry he should be able to apply his skilled knowledge to other poets as well. He concludes that Ion doesnt really possess skilled knowledge. Rather, when he recites Homer, he must be inspired by a god. The Ion drips with sarcasm. Plato didnt take the art by divine inspiration theory very seriously. But many ancient, medieval, and modern artists and aestheticians have found it irresistible.